(Sumber: Institute of Industrial & Systems Engineers, USA, Industrial Engineering BoK, September 2016)

Oleh: Vincent Gaspersz, Lean Six Sigma Master Black Belt & Certified Management System Lead Specialist

Dalam Industrial Engineering Body of Knowledge (Sumber: Institute of Industrial & Systems Engineers, USA, Industrial Engineering BoK, September 2016) dikemukakan 12 area pengetahuan, yaitu:

1. Work Design and Measurement
2. Operations Research and Analysis
3. Engineering Economic Analysis
4. Facilities Engineering and Energy Management
5. Quality & Reliability Engineering
6. Ergonomics and Human Factors
7. Operations Engineering & Management
8. Supply Chain Management
9. Engineering Management
10. Safety
11. Information Engineering
12. Related Topics
    1. Product Design & Development
    2. Systems Design & Engineering

1. Work Design & Measurement

Work Design & Measurement mencakup alat dan teknik yang digunakan untuk menetapkan waktu rata-rata bagi pekerja untuk melaksanakan tugas tertentu pada tingkat kinerja yang ditetapkan dalam lingkungan kerja yang ditetapkan. Analisis yang terkait dengan Work Design & Measurement berfokus untuk menciptakan lingkungan kerja standar yang memaksimumkan kepuasan pekerja dan menciptakan nilai terbaik bagi organisasi dan pelanggannya.

KOMPETENSI Minimum yang HARUS dipahami dalam Work Design & Measurement adalah:

A. Uses of Standards

1. Uses of standards and methods for setting standards
2. The role of standards as management information
3. Use of production studies
4. Reduce product cost using standards

B. Time and Motion Study

1. Number of necessary observations
2. Time study elements
3. Methods
   1. Continuous
   2. Snapback
4. Performance rating
5. Allowances
6. Standard time
7. Production rates
8. Efficiency and utilization

C. Pre-Determined Time Systems

1. MTM (Methods-Time Measurement) variations
2. MOST (Maynard Operation Sequence Technique)
3. Creating standard data

D. Work Sampling

1. Theory of sampling
2. Number of observations and frequency
3. Use of control charts in work sampling

E. Learning Curve

F. Line Balancing

G. Service Applications

H. Use with Labor and Unions

I. Workstation Design

J. Worker Capacity Analysis

1. Left hand-right hand
2. Multiple activity
3. Work distribution charts

K. Analysis Tools

1. Operations process charts
2. Flow process charts
3. Worker and machine process charts
4. Job standard sheets
5. Labor variance reporting

L. Job Analysis

1. Job descriptions
2. Job evaluation

M. Wage Surveys

REFERENCES:

• Work Systems and Methods, Measurement and Management of Work. Groover, Mikell P. Prentice Hall. 2007.

2. Operations Research and Analysis

Operations Research and Analysis mencakup berbagai teknik pemecahan masalah yang berfokus pada peningkatan efisiensi sistem dan dukungan dalam proses pengambilan keputusan. Bidang Operations Research melibatkan pembangunan dan pengembangan model matematik yang bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan dan / atau memperbaiki sistem-sistem nyata maupun teoritis serta metodologi solusi untuk memperoleh efisiensi pada waktu real (real-time efficiency).

Bidang pengetahuan dari Operations Research adalah berkaitan dengan matematika dan komputasi. Landasan utama di bidang pengetahuan Operations Research ini mencakup probabilitas, statistika, kalkulus, aljabar, dan komputasi (perhitungan).

KOMPETENSI Minimum yang HARUS dipahami dalam Operations Research and Analysis adalah:

A. Operations Research

1. Modeling approaches
2. Heuristic versus optimization procedures

B. Linear Programming (LP)

1. LP applications
   1. Diet problem
   2. Work scheduling
   3. Capital budgeting
   4. Blending problems
2. LP modeling techniques
3. LP assumptions
4. Simplex method
5. Degenerate and unbounded solutions
6. Post-optimality and sensitivity analysis
7. Interior-point approaches
8. Duality theory
9. Revised simplex method
10. Dual simplex method
11. Parametric programming
12. Goal programming

C. Transportation Problem

1. Transportation model and its variants
2. Transportation simplex method
3. Transshipment problems

D. Linear Assignment Problem

1. Assignment model
2. The Hungarian algorithm

E. Network Flows and Optimization

1. Shortest path problem
2. Minimum spanning tree problem
3. Maximum flow problem
4. Minimum cost flow problem
5. CPM and PERT problems
6. Network simplex method

F. Deterministic Dynamic Programming

1. Applications
   1. Knapsack/fly-away/cargo-loading problems
   2. Workforce size problems
   3. Equipment replacement problems
   4. Investment problems
   5. Inventory (see Operations Engineering & Management knowledge area)
2. Forward and backward recursions

G. Integer Programming

1. Applications and Modeling Techniques
   1. Capital budgeting
   2. Set-covering and set-partitioning problems
   3. Fixed-charge problem
   4. Either-or and if-then constraints
2. Branch-and-bound algorithm
3. Cutting plane algorithm
4. Traveling salesman problem and solution methods

H. Nonlinear Programming

1. Unconstrained algorithms
   1. Direct search method
   2. Gradient methods
2. Constrained algorithms
   1. Separable programming
   2. Quadratic programming
   3. Chance-constrained programming
   4. Linear combinations method

I. Metaheuristics

1. Steepest Ascent and Descent (Greedy algorithms)
2. Tabu search
3. Simulated annealing
4. Genetic algorithms
5. Ant colony optimization
6. Particle swarm techniques

J. Decision Analysis and Game Theory

1. Multi-criteria decision making
2. Decision making under certainty
   1. Analytic Hierarchy Process
   2. ELECTRE
3. Decision making under risk and uncertainty
   1. Decision tree-based expected value criterion
   2. Utility theory
4. Two-person zero-sum and constant-sum games
5. Robust Decision Making

K. Modeling under Uncertainty

1. Stochastic processes
2. Markov chains
   1. Chapman-Kolmogorov equations
   2. States and properties
3. Stochastic programming

L. Queuing Systems

1. Components of a queuing model
2. Relationship between the exponential and Poisson distributions
3. Birth-and-death process-based queuing models
4. Queuing models involving non-exponential distributions
5. Priority-discipline queuing models
6. Queuing networks

M. Simulation

1. Monte Carlo simulation
2. Continuous and discrete time models
3. Simulation methodology
4. Random number generation
   1. Sampling from probability distributions

N. Fundamentals of Systems Dynamics

1. Principles of System Dynamics
2. Balancing Loops
3. Feedback Loops

REFERENCES:

• Introduction to Operations Research. Hillier, Frederick S. and Lieberman, Gerald J. McGraw-Hill, 10th Edition. 2015.
• Operations Research: An Introduction. Taha, Hamdy A. Prentice Hall, 9th Edition. 2011.
• Engineering Decision Making and Risk Management. Herrmann, Jeffrey, W. John Wiley & Sons, 2015.
• Dynamic Programming. Bellman, Richard. Princeton University Press, 2010.
• Markov Decision Processes: Discrete Stochastic Dynamic Programming, Puterman, Martin L., Wiley Series in Probability and Statistics, 1st Edition, 2005.
• Introduction to Probability Models. Ross, Sheldon, M. Academic Press, 11th Edition, 2014.
• Fundamentals of Queuing Theory, Gross, D., Shortle, John F., Thompson, James M. and Harris, Carl M, Wiley-Interscience, 4th Edition, 2008.
• Discrete-Event System Simulation. Banks, Jerry, Carson, II, John S. Nelson, Barry L. and Nicol, David M. Prentice Hall, 5th Edition. 2010.
• Multiobjective Analysis with Engineering and Business Applications. Goicoechea, Ambrose, Hansen, Don R. and Duckstein, Lucien. John Wiley & Sons. 1982.
• Principles of Systems. Forrester, JayW. Wright-Allen Press. 1968.
• Introduction to Linear Optimization. Bertsimas, Dimitris and Tsitsiklis, John N. Athena Scientific. 1997.
• Linear Programming and Network Flows, 4th Edition. Bazaraa, Mokhtar S., Jarvis, John J., Sherali Hanif D. Wiley. 2009.
• Integer and Combinatorial Optimization. Wolsey, Laurence A., and Nemhauser, George L. Wiley. 1999.
• Integer Programming. Conforti, Michele, Cornuejols, Gerard, and Zambelli, Giacomo. 2014.
• Nonlinear Programming, 3rd Edition. Bertsekas, Dimitri P. Athena Scientific. 2016.
• Linear and Nonlinear Programming, 4th Edition. Luenberger, David G. and Ye, Yinyu. Springer. 2016.
• Network Flows: Theory, Algorithms, and Applications. Ahuja, Ravindra K., Magnanti, Thomas L., Orlin, James B. Pearson. 1993.

3. Engineering Economic Analysis

Engineering Economics (Ekonomi Teknik) adalah bidang pengetahuan khusus tentang ekonomi yang berfokus pada proyek-proyek teknik (engineering projects). Insinyur Teknik Industri perlu memahami kelayakan ekonomi dari setiap solusi masalah potensial.

KOMPETENSI Minimum yang HARUS dipahami dalam Engineering Economic Analysis adalah:

A. Value and Utility

1. Understand the difference between value and utility in economics
2. Understand relationship between value and utility and its importance in economics

B. Classification of Cost

1. Understand costs to properly compare engineering alternatives
2. First cost
3. Fixed and variable cost
4. Incremental and marginal cost
5. Sunk cost

C. Interest and Interest Formulas

1. Time value of money
2. Equivalence involving interest

D. Cash Flow Analysis

1. Present worth
2. Annual equivalent
3. Future worth
4. Capitalized worth
5. Benefit-cost ratio
6. Payback periods
   1. Payback period
   2. Discounted payback period
7. Rate of returns
   1. Internal rate of return (IRR)
   2. External rate of return (ERR)

E. Financial Decision Making Among Alternatives

1. Proposal types
2. Decision criteria for alternatives
3. Decision criteria under limited funds
4. Methods
   1. Ranking Methods
      1. Present worth
      2. Annual worth
      3. Future worth
      4. Capitalized worth
   2. Incremental Method
      1. Internal Rate of Return (IRR)
      2. External Rate of Return (ERR)
      3. Benefit-Cost Ratio (BCR)

F. Replacement Analysis

1. Decision criteria for making replacement decisions
2. Determining the economic life of an asset

G. Break-Even and Minimum Cost Analysis

1. Evaluating two alternatives
2. Evaluating multiple alternatives

H. Evaluation of Public Activities

1. General welfare of public interests
2. Financing public activities
3. Benefit-cost analysis
4. Identifying benefits, dis-benefits, and cost

I. Accounting and Cost Accounting

1. General accounting
2. Cost accounting
3. Allocation of overhead

J. Depreciation and Depreciation Accounting

1. Types of depreciation
2. Consuming assets
3. Depreciation methodologies
4. Depletion
5. Capital recovery

K. Income Taxes in Economic Analysis

1. Profit and income taxes
2. Individual income taxes
3. Corporate income taxes
4. Depreciation and income taxes
5. Depletion and income taxes

L. Estimating Economic Elements

1. Cost estimating methods
2. Service life estimation
3. Judgment in estimating

M. Estimates and Decision Making

1. Estimating economic benefits
2. Judgments in estimating

N. Decision making involving risk

1. Probabilistic methods related to decision making
2. Decision trees

O. Decision Making Under Uncertainty

1. Methods related to decision making in the absence of meaningful data
2. Payoff matrix
3. Laplace rule
4. Maximin and maximax rules
5. Hurwicz rule
6. Minimax regret rule

P. Analysis of Construction and Production Operations

1. Critical path (see Operations Engineering & Management knowledge area)
2. Geographic location
3. Economic operation of equipment
4. Variable demand

REFERENCES:

• Engineering Economy. Sullivan, William G., Wicks, Elin M., and Koelling, C. Patrick. Prentice-Hall, 16th Edition. 2014.
• Engineering Economic Analysis. Newnan, Donald G., Lavelle, Jerome P., and Eschenbach, Ted G. Oxford University Press, 12th Edition. 2013.
• Fundamentals of Engineering Economic Analysis. White, John A., Grasman, Kellie S., Case, Kenneth E., Needy, Kim L., and Pratt, David B. Wiley, 1st Edition. 2013.
• Contemporary Engineering Economics. Park, Chan S. Pearson, 6th Edition. 2015.
• Engineering Economy. Blank, Leland and Tarquin, Anthony. McGraw-Hill, 7th Edition. 2011.

4. Facilities Engineering and Energy Management

Facilities Engineering berkaitan dengan penataan sumber daya fisik (fasilitas) untuk menunjang optimalisasi produksi dan distribusi barang dan jasa. Energy Management (Manajemen Energi) mencakup perencanaan dan pengoperasian energi yang dibutuhkan oleh fasilitas itu untuk mendukung produksi dan distribusi barang dan jasa. Terdapat keterkaitan erat di antara Facilities Engineering dan Energy Management.

KOMPETENSI Minimum yang HARUS dipahami dalam Facilities Engineering and Energy Management adalah:

A. Facilities Location

1. Single-facility placement
2. Multiple-facility placement and tradeoffs with a single facility
3. Location-allocation problems
4. Global facilities

B. Facilities Sizing

1. Customer demand / market analysis / inventory implications
2. Product, process, and schedule analysis
3. Equipment selection and requirements analysis
4. Personnel requirements analysis
5. Space requirements analysis
   1. Workstations
   2. Storage
   3. Departments
   4. Aisles
   5. Offices

C. Facilities Layout

1. Basic layout types
   1. Applications
   2. Advantages
   3. Disadvantages
2. Data requirements
3. Traditional approaches
   1. Systematic layout planning
   2. Flow process chart
   3. Activity relationship chart
   4. From-to chart
   5. Distance measures
4. Basic algorithms
   1. Construction
   2. Improvement
   3. Hybrid
5. Americans with Disabilities Act
6. Evaluation of Alternative Layouts

D. Material Handling

1. Material handling principles
2. Unit of measure
3. Equipment types and selection
4. Models for material handling system design

Storage, Warehousing, and Distribution

1. Storage/warehouse/distribution functions
2. Storage policies
3. Order picking methods and design principles
4. Analytical models of order picking functions
5. Storage/retrieval equipment and systems
6. Location and layout of docks
7. Design for racks and block stacking
8. Warehouse layout models

F. Plant and Facilities Engineering

1. Building codes compliance and use of standards
2. Structural systems
3. Atmospheric systems
4. Enclosure systems
5. Lighting and electrical systems
6. Life safety systems
7. Security and loss control systems
8. Sanitation systems
9. Building automation systems
10. Facilities maintenance management systems

REFERENCES:

• Facilities Planning. Tompkins, James A., White, John A., Bozer, Yavuz A. and Tanchoco, J. M. A. Wiley, 4th Edition. 2010.
• Facilities Design, Heragu,Sunderesh S. CRC Press, 4th Edition. 2016.
• Energy Management Handbook. Doty, Steve and Turner, Wayne C. CRC Press, 5th Edition. 2004.

5. Quality and Reliability Engineering

Quality Engineering mencakup alat dan teknik yang digunakan untuk membantu mencegah kesalahan atau cacat pada produk manufaktur atau proses pelayanan dan menghindari masalah ketika memberikan solusi atau pelayanan kepada pelanggan. Bidang pengetahuan Quality Engineering terkait erat dengan Reliability Engineering. Konsep-konsep Quality and Reliability Engineering ini digunakan untuk menentukan kemampuan atau kapabilitas suatu sistem atau komponen untuk berfungsi dalam kondisi yang ditetapkan selama jangka waktu tertentu.

KOMPETENSI Minimum yang HARUS dipahami dalam Quality and Reliability Engineering adalah:

Part I: Quality Definition and Fundamentals

A. Quality Concepts

1. Design for quality
2. Manufacturing quality
3. Marketing / service quality

B. Fundamentals

1. Probability
2. Sample data
3. Distributions
4. Basic statistics
5. Hypothesis testing
6. Analysis of variance
7. Regression analysis
8. Histogram, box plot and probability plot

Part II: On-line Quality Engineering Methods

C. Control Charts and Process Capability

1. Variable control charts
   1. X-bar-chart
   2. R-chart
   3. S-chart
   4. S²-chart
   5. ExponentiallyWeighted Moving Average (EWMA) chart
   6. Cumulative Sum (Cusum) Control chart
   7. Moving range (MR) chart
   8. Multivariate control chart
   9. Single stage production processes
   10. Multi-stage production processes
2. Attribute control charts
   1. Fraction defective (p-chart, np-chart)
   2. Number of defect per unit (c-chart, u-chart)
   3. CUSUM chart
   4. EWMA chart

D. Lot acceptance sampling

1. Attributes
   1. Single-sample plans
   2. Double and sequential fraction-defective sampling
   3. Multiple fraction-defective
   4. DoD (Department of Defense) sampling plans
2. Variables
   1. Fraction defective
      1. Standard deviation known
      2. Standard deviation unknown
      3. DoD plans
3. Process / lot fraction defective
4. Mean or standard deviation of a process / Lot

E. Rectifying inspection / auditing

1. Lot-by-lot sampling
2. Continuous production
3. Toward eliminating inspection
4. Mistake proofing
5. Gauge Repeatability and Reproducibility (R&R)

Part III: Off-line Quality Engineering Methods

F. Design of Experiments

1. Strategy of experimentation
2. Basic analysis techniques, Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)
3. Experimental principles: replication, randomization and blocking
4. Factorial designs
5. Two-level factorial designs, blocking and confounding
6. Fractional factorial designs
7. Random factors in experiments
8. Nested and split-plot designs

G. Regression

1. Simple linear regression models
2. Inference in simple linear regression
3. Residual analysis and model adequacy checking
4. Multiple linear regression model fitting
5. Inference in multiple regression
6. Model adequacy checking
7. Variable selection techniques, stepwise regression and related methods

H. Response Surface Methodology

1. One factor at a time
2. Central composite design
3. Robust design
4. Control factor and noise factor
5. Cross array design
6. Taguchi method

Part IV: Quality Management and Training

I. Lean Six Sigma

1. Customer focused quality
2. Defects per million opportunities (DPMO)
3. Process capability
4. Value stream mapping
5. Types of wastes
6. Business diagnostic
7. Decision making based on data
8. DMAIC
   1. Define
   2. Measure
   3. Analyze
   4. Improve
   5. Control
9. DMADV
   1. Define
   2. Measure
   3. Analyze
   4. Design
   5. Verify

J. Change Management

1. Building support

Part V: Reliability Engineering

K. Fundamentals

1. Definition: reliability, availability, maintainability
2. Failure time distributions
3. Basic system configurations:
   1. Series systems
   2. Parallel systems
   3. k-out-of-n systems
   4. Network systems

L. Reliability Testing

1. Burn-in testing
2. Demonstration testing
3. Acceptance testing
4. Accelerated testing
5. Degradation testing

M. Failure Analysis

1. Failure modes
2. Failure mechanisms
3. Fault tree analysis
4. Failure modes and effects analysis (FMEA)

N. Maintenance

1. Sensors and applications in maintenance
2. Preventive maintenance
3. Failure replacement
4. Condition-based maintenance
5. Group replacement
6. Maintenance and warranty

REFERENCES:

• Introduction to Statistical Quality Control. Montgomery, D. C. Wiley, 7th edition. 2013.
• Introduction to Linear Regression Analysis. Montgomery, D. C., Peck, E. A., and Vining, G. G. John Wiley & Sons, 5th edition. 2012.
• Reliability in Engineering Design. Kapur, Kailash C. and Lamberson, Leonard R. John Wiley & Sons. 1977.
• Design and Analysis of Experiments. Montgomery, D. C. Wiley, 8th edition. 2012.
• Applied Statistics and Probability for Engineers. Montgomery, D. C. and Runger, G.C. John Wiley & Sons, 6th edition. 2014.
• NIST: http://www.itl.nist.gov/div898/handbook/
• Implementing Six Sigma: Smarter Solutions Using Statistical Methods. Breyfogle III, Forrest W. Wiley. 2003.
• Juran’s Quality Handbook. Juran, J. M. and De Feo, Joseph A. McGraw Hill, 6th Edition. 2010.
• Experiments: Planning, Analysis, and Parameter Design Optimization, Wu, C. F. J. and Hamada, M., 2nd edition, John Wiley and Sons, 2009.
• Reliability Engineering, Elsayed, E. A. 2nd Edition, John Wiley and Sons, 2012.

Catatan VG: Silakan download ebook GRATIS di sini:
http://www.itl.nist.gov/div898/handbook/toolaids/pff/index.htm

6. Ergonomics and Human Factors

Ergonomics and Human Factors sebagai bidang penelitian dan praktek yang berkaitan dengan desain dan analisis peralatan beserta kelengkapan yang sesuai dengan tubuh manusia dan kemampuan kognitifnya. Bidang pengetahuan ini mencakup kontribusi dari antropometri, statistika, psikologi, fisiologi, biomekanika, desain industri, desain grafis, riset operasional (operations research) dan disiplin lainnya. Area pengetahuan Ergonomics and Human Factors terdiri dari: Physical Ergonomics, Cognitive Ergonomics, and Organizational Ergonomics.

KOMPETENSI Minimum yang HARUS dipahami dalam Ergonomics and Human Factors adalah:

A. Ergonomic Basics

1. Focuses of ergonomics
2. Ergonomics and its areas of application in a work system
3. Ergonomic interventions
4. Effectiveness and cost effectiveness of ergonomics

B. Organizational and Social Aspects of System Design

1. Systems design methods for ergonomics (see Systems Design and Engineering knowledge area)
2. Organizational aspects
3. Psychosocial factors
4. Litigation
5. Cross-cultural considerations

C. Anthropometric Principles in Workspace and Equipment Design

1. Basic body mechanics
2. Risk factors for musculoskeletal disorders
3. Designing for a population of users
4. Sources of human variability
5. Anthropometry and its uses in ergonomics
6. Principles of applied anthropometry in ergonomics
7. Application of anthropometry in design
8. Designing for everyone

D. Work Capacity and Fatigue

1. Muscles, structure, function and capacity
2. Occupational biomechanics
3. Cardiovascular system
4. Respiratory system
5. Physical work capacity
6. Applied physiology in designing the workplace
7. Fitness for work

E. Design of the Thermal Environment

1. Fundamentals of human thermoregulation
2. Thermoregulatory mechanisms
3. Measuring the thermal environment
4. Work in hot climates
5. Work in cold climates

F. Design of Repetitive Tasks

1. Introduction to work-related musculoskeletal disorders
2. Injuries to the upper body at work
3. Tissue pathomechanics
4. Carpal tunnel syndrome
5. Lower and upper limbs

G. Design of Manual Handling Tasks

1. Anatomy and biomechanics of manual handling
2. Prevention of manual handling injuries in the workplace
3. Design of manual handling tasks
4. Lifting, carrying, and pushing
5. NIOSH Lifting Equation

H. Design for Standing and Sitting

1. Ergonomic approach to workstation design
2. Design for standing workers
3. Design for seated workers
4. Work surface design
5. Visual displays
6. Guidelines for the design of static work
7. Computer workstation design

I. Vision, Light and Lighting

1. Vision and the eye
2. Measurement of light
3. Lighting design considerations
4. Visual fatigue, eyestrain and near work
5. Psychological aspects of indoor lighting

J. Hearing, Sound, Noise and Vibration

1. Sound and the ear
2. Measurement of sound
3. Hearing protection
4. Design of the acoustic environment
5. Noise control
6. Effects of noise on task performance
7. Non-auditory effects of noise on health
8. Vibration

K. Human Information Processing, Skill and Performance

1. Information processing models
2. Cognitive systems
3. Problem solving

L. Displays and Controls

1. Human-centered design processes for interactive systems
2. Principles for the design of visual displays
3. Auditory displays
4. Design of controls
5. Combining displays and controls

M. Human-machine interaction, human error and safety

1. Human error and equipment design
2. Mental workload in human machine interaction
3. Psychological aspects of human error
4. Characterizing human-machine interaction
5. Prevention of error in human-machine interaction
6. Accidents and safety

REFERENCES:

• Introduction to Human Factors and Ergonomics for Engineers. Lehto, Mark R. and Landry, Steven J. CRC Press, 2nd Edition. 2013.
• Fundamentals of Industrial Ergonomics. Pulat, Babur M. Waveland Press. 2nd Edition. 1997.
• Engineering Psychology and Human Performance. Wickens, Christopher D., Hollands, Justin G., Banbury, S. and Parasuraman, R. Routledge, 4th Edition. 2016.
• Introduction to Ergonomics. Bridger, R. CRC Press, 3rd Edition. 2008.
• Kodak’s Ergonomic Design for People at Work. Eastman Kodak Company. Wiley, 2nd Edition. 2004.
• Occupational Biomechanics. Chaffin, Don B., Andersson, Gunnar B.J. and Martin, Bernard J. Wiley, 4th Edition. 2006.
• An Introduction to Human Factors Engineering. Wickens, Christopher D., Lee, J., Gordon-Becker, S. and Liu, Y. Pearson, 2nd Edition. 2014.

7. Operations Engineering & Management

Operations Engineering and Management (Teknik dan Manajemen Operasional) adalah bidang manajemen teknik yang menangani desain dan analisis proses produksi dan pelayanan. Dari sudut pandang Teknik Industri, bidang pengetahuan ini menggunakan alat dan teknik untuk memastikan atau menjamin operasi bisnis berfungsi secara efisien, dengan menggunakan beberapa sumber daya yang diperlukan, dan secara efektif dalam memenuhi kebutuhan pelanggan.

KOMPETENSI Minimum yang HARUS dipahami dalam Operations Engineering and Management adalah:

A. Operations Planning

1. Life cycles
   1. Product
   2. Service
   3. Process
2. Forecasting
   1. Methods / Models
   2. Trend based
   3. Seasonal series
3. Aggregate planning
4. Market analysis

B. Project Management

1. Project as a network
2. Critical path analysis
3. PERT
4. Managing multiple projects
   1. Constrained resources

C. Planning and Control for Manufacturing Systems / Projects

1. Scheduling
   1. Master scheduling
   2. Capacity
   3. Leveling load demand
2. Sequencing

D. Production Scheduling

1. Job shops
2. Continuous flow
3. Just-in-Time / Kanban
4. Level loading
5. Work Schedules / Personnel Scheduling

E. Inventory Management & Control

1. Known demand
2. Uncertain demand
3. Make to order
4. Make to assembly
5. Make to stock

F. Capacity Management

1. Labor
2. Equipment
3. Materials
4. Demand management (Voice of Customer)
5. Throughput

G. Materials Requirements Planning

1. Master production schedule
2. Explosion calculus
3. Lot synergy
4. Multiline optimization
5. Enterprise resource planning

H. Purchasing / Supply Chain (see Supply Chain Management knowledge area)

I. Maintenance Management & Control

1. Maintenance models
2. Total productive maintenance

J. Organizational Issues (see Engineering Management knowledge area)

K. Product Lifecycle Management

1. Aftermarket
2. Spares
3. Repairs
4. Warranty / Non-Warranty / Good-Will

L. Operational Metrics

1. Cost
2. Quality
3. Service level
4. Delivery
5. Productivity
6. Throughput
7. Plan effectiveness

REFERENCES:

• Service Operations Management: Improving Service Delivery (4th Edition). Johnston, R., Clark, C. and Shulver, M. Pearson. 2012.
• Production and Operations Analysis, 7th Edition. Nahmias, S. and T. Lennon Olsen. Waveland Press, Inc. 2015.
• Operations Management: Creating Value along the Supply Chain. Russell, Roberta S. and Taylor, Bernard W. John Wiley & Sons, 7th Edition. 2011.

8. Supply Chain Management

Supply Chain Management (SCM) mencakup pergerakan, produksi, penyimpanan bahan baku, persediaan dalam proses (WIP—work in process), barang jadi, dan jasa dari titik asal sampai ke titik konsumsi atau penggunaan. Pemasok, produsen, perantara, toko, dan perusahaan jasa terlibat dalam pengiriman produk dan pelayanan (service) kepada konsumen akhir dalam rantai pasokan (supply chain).

KOMPETENSI Minimum yang HARUS dipahami dalam Supply Chain Management adalah:

A. Supply Chain Management Fundamentals

1. Supply chain management processes
2. Make / buy analysis
3. Adding value to organizations
4. Importance of aligning supply chain strategy with corporate strategy
5. Supply chain risk management strategies
6. Assessment and measurement of effectiveness of supply chains
7. Fundamentals of green supply chain initiatives

B. Building Competitive Operations, Planning, and Logistics

1. Dynamics within the supply chain to optimize performance and increase profitability
2. Designing agility into a supply chain
3. Lean principles in a supply chain
4. Assessing the value of demand
5. Reducing complexity in demand planning
6. Establishing collaborations to replace or improve demand estimates
7. Including supply chain factors in product design
   1. Cost
   2. Packaging
8. Aligning distribution and transportation options with supply chain strategy
9. 3PL (Third Party Logistics) and 4PL (Fourth Party Logistics) service providers
10. Supply chain network design
    1. Tiers
    2. Number, size, and location of facilities

C. Reverse logistics

1. Shared-resource, closed-loop systems
2. Capacity utilization from multi-directional product flow

D. Managing Product Flow

1. Inventory control methodologies (see Operations Engineering & Management knowledge area)
2. Material handling systems
3. Work sourcing management
4. Transportation management
   1. Mode/Carrier selection
   2. Consolidation
   3. Vehicle routing

E. Managing Customer Relationships

1. Customer Stratification based on their profiles and needs
2. Understanding customer loyalty and lifetime value of a customer
3. Establishing measures of customer satisfaction
4. Supplier support and oversight

F. Managing Supplier Relationships

1. Insourcing vs. outsourcing decisions
   1. On-shore
   2. Off-shore
2. Strategic importance of purchasing and supplier relationships
3. Supplier scorecard systems
4. Managing the supplier lifecycle
   1. Supplier selection
   2. Contracting
   3. Onboarding
   4. Order-to-cash
   5. Decommissioning a supplier
5. Customer data
   1. Service performance
   2. Increasing value to suppliers and customers
6. Selection of and understanding Tier 2, 3, etc. suppliers
7. Supplier risk management

REFERENCES:

• Supply Chain Management Best Practices. Blanchard, David. John Wiley & Sons, 2nd Edition. 2010.
• Supply Chain Management: Processes, Partnerships, Performance. Lambert, Douglas M. Supply Chain Management Institute, 3rd Edition. 2008.
• Supply Chain Management for Engineers. Huang, Samuel H. CRC Press. 2013.
• Designing and Managing the Supply Chain. Simchi-Levi, David, Kaminsky, Philip., and Simchi-Levi, Edith. McGraw Hill, 3rd Edition. 2008.
• Supply Chain Management: Strategy, Planning, and Operations. Chopra, Sunil, and Meindl, Peter. Pearson, 6th Edition, 2015.
• Supply Chain Engineering: Models and Applications. Ravindran, A. Ravi, and Warsing, Donald. CRC Press, 2012.
• Supply Chain Science. Hopp, Wallace. Waveland Press, 2011.
• Supply Chain Logistics Management. Bowersox, Donald, Closs, Donald., and Cooper, Bixby.McGraw Hill, 4th Edition. 2012.
• Managing Closed-Loop Supply Chains. Flapper, Simme Douwe., van Nunen, Jo, van Wassenhove, Luk N (Editors). Springer, 2005.
• Introduction to Logistics Systems Management. Ghiani, Gianpaolo, Laporte, Gilbert., Musmanno, Roberto. John Whiley & Sons, 2nd Edition, 2013.
• A taxonomy for Supply Chain Management Literature, Capar, Ismail, Ulengin, Fusun., Reisman, Arnold, (April 6, 2004).

9. Engineering Management

Manajemen Teknik (Engineering Management) adalah bidang manajemen yang berfokus menangani penerapan prinsip-prinsip teknik (engineering principles) untuk praktek bisnis. Sedangkan Teknik dan Manajemen Operasi (Operations Engineering and Management) berfokus pada perancangan dan analisis proses produksi dan pelayanan (service). Dengan demikian Manajemen Teknik (Engineering Management) ini berkaitan dengan sisi bisnis dari organisasi.

KOMPETENSI Minimum yang HARUS dipahami dalam Engineering Management adalah:

A. Customer Focus

1. Needs identification and anticipation
2. Market product strategy
3. Fundamentals of customer relationship management
4. Quality function deployment

B. Leadership, Teamwork, and Organization

1. Leadership
2. Organizational structure, and development
3. Teamwork
4. Communication
5. Internal corporate culture and external global culture
6. Management

C. Shared Knowledge Systems

1. Systems planning, design, and justification
2. Systems development
3. Infrastructure of a shared knowledge system

D. Business Processes

1. Product/Process development
2. Process management and improvement (see Quality & Reliability knowledge area)
3. Research and Development
   1. Technology management
4. Manufacturing
5. Transactional business processes
6. Customer Support

E. Resource and Responsibility

1. Resources
2. Organizational responsibilities
3. Ethics in the practice of engineering management

F. Strategic Management

1. Vision and mission
2. Environmental scanning
3. Organizational assessment
4. The planning process
5. Goals, objectives, targets, and measures
6. Strategic planning
7. Plan implementation
8. Monitoring and evaluating progress

G. Human Resource Management

1. Human capital and technical competency management
2. Motivation theory and practice
3. Learning, education, training, and development
4. Performance management
5. Compensation Management
   1. Elements of compensation
   2. Job analysis
   3. Job evaluation
   4. Incentive systems
   5. Labor contracts

H. Project Management

1. Work breakdown structure of complex activities and form into an integrated plan
2. Project schedules / resource allocation
3. Cost estimating (see Engineering Economic Analysis knowledge area)
4. Risk analysis of project plans and outcomes

I. Organizational Level Performance Measurement

1. Balanced scorecard
2. Productivity
3. Quality
4. Efficiency
5. Effectiveness
6. Safety
7. Customer satisfaction
8. Financial

REFERENCES:

• Managing Engineering and Technology. Morse, Lucy C. and Babcock, Daniel L. Prentice Hall, 6th Edition. 2013.

10. Safety

Occupational Safety Engineering (Rekayasa Keselamatan Kerja) membahas hal-hal yang berkaitan dengan kecelakaan kerja, peraturan dan praktek manajemen terhadap mitigasi bahaya, mencegah bahaya dan mengurangi risiko dari kecelakaan kerja. Rekayasa keselamatan kerja (Occupational Safety Engineering) juga membahas metode dan tindakan untuk mengenali dan mengendalikan bahaya fisik di tempat kerja, serta pendekatan untuk mengatasi kecelakaan dan memfasilitasi terjadi pemulihan.

KOMPETENSI Minimum yang HARUS dipahami dalam Safety adalah:

A. Perspective and Overview

1. History of safety and health movement
2. Definition of hazards and accident statistics
3. Theories of accident causation
4. Effects on global competition on safety and health practice and regulations

B. USA Laws and Regulations

1. Product safety and liability (safety in the courtroom)
2. Consumer product safety commission
3. Workers’ compensation
4. The OSHA Act, standards, and liability
5. OSHA record keeping system
6. Hazard communication standard (DOT regulations)

Catatan VG: Jika akan diterapkan di Indonesia, maka tentu saja yang dipelajari adalah SMK3 (Sistem Manajemen K3–Kesehatan dan Keselamatan Kerja) berdasarkan Peraturan dari Kementerian Tenaga Kerja Republik Indonesia
(https://aswinsh.wordpress.com/2016/04/29/586/)

C. Hazard Recognition, Evaluation and Control

1. Mechanical hazards and machine safeguarding
2. Fall hazards, acceleration and impacts
3. Thermal stress
4. Noise and vibration hazards
5. Electrical hazards
6. Fire hazards and protection
7. Industrial hygiene and confined spaces
8. Radiation hazards, blood-borne pathogens and bacterial hazards
9. Nanotechnology

D. Safety and Health Management

1. Ethics and safety
2. Emergency planning
3. Accident investigation and reporting
4. Corporate safety culture and behavior-based safety programs
5. Risk assessment/hazard analysis
   1. Preliminary hazard analysis

REFERENCES:

• Brauer, R. L. (1990). Safety and Health for Engineers. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold.
• Goetsch, D. (2015). Occupational Safety and Health for Technologists, Engineers, and Managers (8th ed.). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
• System Safety Engineering and Risk Assessment. Bahr, Nicholas J. Taylor and Francis. 1997.
• Engineering a Safer World – Systems Thinking Applied To Safety. Leveson, Nancy. The MIT Press. 2011.
• Standard Practice for System Safety (MIL-STD-882D). US DOD 10 February 2000.

11. Information Engineering

Information Engineering adalah suatu pendekatan untuk merencanakan, menghasilkan, mendistribusikan, menganalisis dan menggunakan sekumpulan data dalam sistem untuk memudahkan pembuatan keputusan dan komunikasi bisnis.

KOMPETENSI Minimum yang HARUS dipahami dalam Information Engineering adalah:

A. Differentiating Data and Information

B. Systems Concepts

1. Number systems/codes
2. Computer organization

C. Information Requirements for Organizations

1. Classification of information
2. Management requirements
3. Decision making requirements
4. Operations requirements

D. Designing Information Outputs

1. Filtering
2. Key variable reporting
3. Monitoring
4. Modeling
5. Interrogative
6. Strategic decision center

E. Data Processing Overview

1. Data processing resources used in information systems
2. Organizing data processing resources

F. Data Base Concepts

1. Application vs. data base processing
2. Data base management systems

Coding, Sorting, Searching Data

1. Code structures
2. Sorting data
3. Searching techniques

H. Logical Data Organization

1. Rules for logical data organization
2. Trees
3. Networks
4. Relational

I. Physical Data Organization

1. Computer storage media
2. Addressing methods
3. Pointers, chains, rings

J. Storage and Processing

1. Sequential data organization
2. Direct data organization
3. Data file classification
4. File media and file organization
5. File design

K. System Analysis

1. Systems development methodology toward information systems
2. Determining the information system demand

L. System Design

1. Development of specifications to meet demand
2. Design process

M. System Evaluation & Justification

1. Determining the final system design
2. Obtaining equipment proposals
3. Evaluation of proposals
4. Acquisition considerations

N. Controls

1. Control points for reliable data processing
2. Security controls
3. Encryption

O. Forms, Programs, and Procedures

1. Forms/reports design
2. Human procedures
3. Program specifications
4. Programming techniques

P. System Implementation

1. Training and education
2. System testing
3. System conversion
4. Implementation follow-up

Q. Management Considerations for the Information System

1. Maintenance
2. Auditing
3. Project management
4. Managing change

REFERENCES:

• Software Engineering. Sommerville, I. Pearson Education, Inc., 10th Edition. 2016.
• Requirements Engineering and Management for Software Development Projects. Chemuturi, Murali. Springer. 2013.
• The Unified Modeling Language User Guide. Booch, G., Rumbaugh, J., and Jacobson, Pearson, 2nd Edition. 2005.
• Design of Industrial Information Systems, Boucher, Thomas O. and Yalcin, Ali, Elsevier, 2006.
• Fundamentals of Database Systems 7th Edition. Elmasri, R., Navathe, S.B. Addison-Wesley Longman, Inc. 2016.
• Management Information Systems: Managing the Digital Firm 14th Edition. Laudon, K.C., & Laudon, J.P. Pearson Education, Inc. 2016).

12.1 Product Design & Development

Product Design and Development (Desain dan Pengembangan Produk) adalah pencarian dan pengembangan gagasan yang efisien dan efektif melalui proses yang mengarah pada produk baru. Dari pandangan pengetahuan Teknik Industri, proses dan analisis digunakan untuk mendukung pengambilan keputusan yang efisien selama Desain dan Pengembangan Produk itu.

KOMPETENSI Minimum yang HARUS dipahami dalam Product Design and Development adalah:

A. Design Process

1. State of the art
2. Identify need
3. Conceptualization
4. Feasibility analysis
5. Production
6. Product life cycle

B. Design Process Steps

1. Business strategy
2. Identification of need
   1. Technology development
   2. Proposal
   3. Capture
3. Definition of a problem
   1. Statement of requirements
4. Gathering of information & data
5. Benchmarking
   1. Competitive Intelligence
   2. Intellectual property
6. Conceptualization
7. Evaluation
   1. Analysis of design
   2. Decision making
   3. Trade studies
      1. Weighing and judging
      2. Quality Function Deployment (QFD)
8. Communication of the design

C. Design Project

1. Gating process
2. Feasibility study
3. Preliminary design
   1. Internal interfaces
   2. External interfaces
4. Detailed design
5. Verification & Test
   1. Demonstration builds
   2. Systems test
   3. Operational test
   4. Audits
6. Planning for Manufacture / Production
   1. Factory planning
   2. Supply chain
7. Planning for distribution
8. Planning for use
9. Operations & Support
10. Planning for retirement

D. Economic Decision Making / Cost Evaluation

1. Life cycle analysis

E. Planning & Scheduling

1. Planning for manufacturing
2. Project planning

F. Risk and Opportunity Management

G. Metrics for Design & Development

H. Program Leadership, Management & Control

1. Project start up
2. Plans / Schedules

I. Design for Manufacturability

1. How manufacturability can influence design
2. Methods and procedures for production activity
3. Work instruction / documentation for production
4. Manufacturing process optimization

J. Design for Cost

K. Design for Six Sigma

1. I2DOV (Invent, Innovate, Develop, Optimize, Verify) Process
   1. Invent
   2. Innovate
   3. Develop
   4. Optimize
   5. Verify
2. CDOV (Concept, Design, Optimize, Verify) Process
   1. Concept Design
   2. Design Development
   3. Optimize
   4. Verify

REFERENCES:

• Product Design and Development. Ulrich, Karl T. and Eppinger, Steven D. McGraw-Hill/Irwin, 5th Edition. 2011.
• Production and Operations Analysis with Student CD. Nahmias, Steven. McGraw-Hill/Irwin; 5th Edition. 2004.
• Design Structure Matrix Methods and Applications (Engineering Systems). Eppinger, Steven D., Browning, Tyson R. The MIT Press. 2012.

12.2 Systems Design & Engineering

Systems Design and Engineering berhubungan dengan integrasi aspek-aspek dari disiplin teknik lainnya, memastikan atau menjamin bahwa semua aspek yang mungkin terjadi dari sebuah proyek atau sistem dipertimbangkan dan diintegrasikan bersama secara efisien. Area pengetahuan Systems Design and Engineering ini berkaitan erat dengan Teknik Industri.

KOMPETENSI Minimum yang HARUS dipahami dalam Systems Design and Engineering adalah:

A. Mission Engineering

1. Articulation and analysis of purpose for the system

B. Requirements Analysis and Allocation

1. Requirements statements
2. Obtaining requirements
3. Derived & allocated requirements
4. Requirements analysis
5. System specification
6. Interfaces
   1. Internal
   2. External
7. Value engineering
8. Sensitivity analysis
9. Trade studies

C. System Architecting

1. Architecture descriptions
2. Steps in system architecting
3. Fundamental design choices in constructing a system
4. 80 – 20 rule (Pareto law)

D. Subsystem Design

1. Detailed design of elements
2. Interface control

E. System Construction

1. Hardware, software, human components
2. Integration

F. Verifying and Validating Requirements

1. Verification program components
   1. Requirements
   2. Planning
   3. Success criteria
   4. Reports
   5. Compliance
2. Test and evaluation
3. Design of Experiments (DOE)
4. Satisfaction of all user and customer requirements

G. Design Iteration

1. Refinement
2. Convergence
3. Robust systems

H. Product & Services Design

I. Role of Models in Systems Design Process

1. Model vs actual system
2. System objectives / User input
3. Analyzing model output for system design decisions

J. Completing the Systems Engineering Process

1. Establishing a systematic & repeatable process
   1. Technical performance measures
   2. Technical data management
   3. Configuration management
2. Life cycle costing
   1. Cost estimation models and techniques
      1. Design, development, manufacturing, operations, and supportability
   2. Cost effective trade-offs to customer problems (see Engineering Economic Analysis knowledge area)
3. Limitation of humans in systems
4. Risk analysis
   1. Cost, schedule, and performance risk
5. Concurrent engineering
6. Integrated logistics support
   1. Interoperability and harmonious system operation
7. Reliability, maintainability, availability (see Quality & Reliability Engineering knowledge area)
8. Quality assurance and management (see Quality & Reliability Engineering knowledge area)
9. Specialty engineering
10. Preplanned product improvement
11. Training
12. Documentation
13. Production
14. Installation
15. Operations and maintenance
16. Operations evaluation / Reengineering
17. Systems engineering management
    1. Planning
    2. Organizing
    3. Directing
    4. Monitoring

REFERENCES:

• Guide to the Systems Engineering Body of Knowledge (SEBoK). Pyster, Art (ed) and Olwell, David (ed). The Trustees of the Stevens Institute of Technology. 2013.
• Systems Engineering and Analysis. Blanchard, Benjamin S. and Fabrycky, Wolter J. Pearson, 5th Edition. 2011
• Systems Engineering: Principles and Practice. Kossiakoff, Alexander, Sweet, William., Seymour, Sam., and Biemer, Steven M. John Wiley & Sons, 2nd Edition. 2011.
• Essentials of Project and Systems Engineering Management. Eisner, Howard. John Wiley & Sons, 3rd Edition. 2008.
• Requirements Engineering. Hull, M. Elizabeth C., Jackson, Kenneth, and Dick, Jeremy. Springer; 2nd edition. 2004.
• The Engineering Design of Systems: Models and Methods, Wiley Series in Systems Engineering. Buede, Dennis M., and Miller, W., Wiley-Interscience, Hoboken, New Jersey, 3rd Edition. 2016.
• INCOSE Systems Engineering Handbook: A Guide for System Life Cycle Processes and Activities, Walden, D. and Roedler, G., Editors, John Wiley 4th Edition, 2015.

Demikian Body of Knowledge (BoK) terbaru dari 12 area pengetahuan dalam Teknik Industri yang telah disusun dan dipublikasikan pada September 2016 oleh Institute of Industrial and Systems Engineers (IISE), USA.