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Oleh: Vincent Gaspersz, Lean Six Sigma Master Black Belt & Registered Quality Management System Lead Specialist and Auditor
- American Production and Inventory Control Society (www.apics.org) Certified in Production and Inventory Management (CPIM), Certified Fellow in Production and Inventory Management (CFPIM) and Certified Supply Chain Professional (CSCP);
- American Society for Quality (www.asq.org) Certified Manager of Quality/Organizational Excellence (CMQ/OE), Certified Quality Engineer (CQE), Certified Quality Auditor (CQA), Certified Quality Improvement Associate (CQIA), and Certified Six Sigma Black Belt;
- International Quality Federation (www.iqf.org) Certified Six Sigma Master Black Belt (CSSMBB);
- Registration Accreditation Board (www.exemplarglobal.org) Certified Management System Auditor (CMSA), Certified Management System Practitioneer (CMSP), Certified Management System Specialist (CMSS), and Certified Management System Lead Specialist (CMSLS).
“Knowledge without follow-through is worse than no knowledge“
Henry Charles Bukowski
Pengetahuan tanpa tindak lanjut lebih buruk daripada tidak ada pengetahuan!!
Pengantar
Data Kementerian Riset, Teknologi, dan Pendidikan Tinggi (Kemenristek dan Dikti) menunjukkan dari 4.472 perguruan tinggi di Indonesia, hanya 50 PT yang berakreditasi A, 345 PT berakreditasi B, dan 736 PT berakreditasi C, sisanya belum berakreditasi.
Sedangkan Program Studi yang berakreditasi A sebanyak 2.512 prodi atau hanya sekitar 12% yang berakreditasi A dari total 20.254 prodi yang telah berakreditasi (A, B, dan C)
(Sumber: Indriyani Astuti, Mutu PT di Indonesia Belum Merata, Media Indonesia, 29 Mei 2017, halaman 23).
Selanjutnya berdasarkan hasil ranking 2017 terhadap 300 perguruan tinggi di Asia (the Times Higher Education, 2017) HANYA dua universitas dari Indonesia yang berakreditasi A masuk ke dalam ranking 300 TOP Asia dan itupun berada di urutan di atas 200an, yaitu: Institut Teknologi Bandung (201-250 dari 300 TOP Asia dan >800 dari 1000 TOP Dunia, tahun 2017) dan Universitas Indonesia berada di urutan di atas 251 (251+ dari 300 TOP Asia dan >800 dari 1000 TOP Dunia tahun 2017).
Singapura menempatkan dua universitas terkenal mereka, yaitu: National University of Singapore yang berada di urutan 1 TOP Asia (Ranking 24 TOP Dunia berdasarkan ranking tahun 2017) dan Nanyang Technological University yang berada di urutan 4 Top Asia (Ranking 54 TOP Dunia, 2017). Thailand menempatkan Mahidol University di urutan ke-97 TOP Asia (ranking 501-600 dari 1000 universitas TOP Dunia, 2017) dan Chulalongkorn University berada di urutan 151-160 TOP Asia (601-800 TOP Dunia, 2017).
Yang menarik untuk dikaji adalah Malaysia menempatkan Sembilan universitas terkenal mereka dalam ranking 300 Universitas TOP Asia, yaitu: University of Malaya (59), Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman/UTAR (111-120), Universiti Putra Malaysia (121-130), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (121-130), Universiti Teknologi Petronas (141-150), Universiti Sains Malaysia (151-160), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (161-170), Universiti Teknologi Mara (251+), dan Universiti Utara Malaysia (251+).
Dari hasil ranking 300 universitas TOP ASIA serta memperhatikan terdapat 50 perguruan tinggi di Indonesia yang berakreditasi A (Unggul) dan HANYA menempatkan dua universitas yaitu Institut Teknologi Bandung (201-250) dan Universitas Indonesia (251+), maka dapat disimpulkan bahwa mayoritas perguruan tinggi di Indonesia hanya “jago kandang” dan TIDAK MAMPU bersaing di tingkat ASIA, apalagi di tingkat dunia. Peta posisi perguruan tinggi di ASIA ini seyogianya menjadi bahan REFLEKSI, apa yang HARUS dilakukan untuk meningkatkan daya saing perguruan tinggi di tingkat ASIA dan Dunia?
Kualitas perguruan tinggi yang rendah di suatu negara BUKAN saja merugikan bagi kalangan perguruan tinggi itu saja TETAPI merugikan bagi masyarakat di negara itu, karena peran dari tri dharma perguruan tinggi itu menjadi tidak berjalan sebagaimana yang diharapkan.
Memiliki ilmu pengetahuan TETAPI hanya sebatas pada teori saja TANPA memiliki KOMPETENSI untuk diimplementasikan dalam masyarakat merupakan hal yang sia-sia sesuai dengan ungkapan di atas bahwa “Pengetahuan TANPA tindak lanjut lebih buruk daripada tidak ada pengetahuan” (Henry Charles Bukowski). Selanjutnya Deming (Ahli Statistika dan Total Quality Management) menyatakan bahwa 85% masalah selalu berada dalam SISTEM yang buruk dan HANYA 15% berada pada manusia, dan itupun terletak pada manusia yang TIDAK memiliki pengetahuan yang lengkap terhadap proses dari SISTEM itu.
Desain dan Implementasi Sistem Jaminan Kualitas ASEAN University Network (AUN-QA)
Jika kita BELUM mampu bersaing di tingkat ASIA, maka seyogianya ada TARGET untuk minimum kita HARUS mampu bersaing di tingkat ASEAN, karena menghadapi era persaingan bebas dalam pasar ASEAN (Masyarakat Ekonomi ASEAN) apabila perguruan tinggi di Indonesia TIDAK KOMPETITIF, maka lulusan PT terbaik di ASEAN yang akan memasuki pasar tenaga kerja ASEAN termasuk Indonesia.
Hal yang menarik adalah universitas-universitas dari Singapura, Malaysia, dan Thailand yang KOMPETITIF di tingkat ASIA itu telah lama menerapkan secara KONSISTEN Sistem Jaminan Kualitas ASEAN University Network (AUN-QA). Apa itu AUN – QA Model?, akan di bahas berikut ini.
AUN-QA Model merupakan model jaminan kualitas di level ASEAN yang terdiri dari tiga bagian (level) utama (lihat Bagan 1 terlampir di atas), yaitu:
- Level Strategik (Jaminan Kualitas pada Tingkat Institusi Perguruan Tinggi)
- Level Sistemik (Sistem Jaminan Kualitas Internal)
- Level Tactical (Jaminan Kualitas pada Tingkat Program Studi dari Perguruan Tinggi)
1. AUN – QA pada Level Institusi Perguruan Tinggi (Level Strategik)
AUN – QA Model pada Tingkat Institusi Perguruan Tinggi mencakup hal-hal berikut (lihat Bagan 2 terlampir)
- Jaminan kualitas strategik pada tingkat institusi perguruan tinggi di mulai dari kebutuhan stakeholders yang diterjemahkan ke dalam visi, misi, sasaran (goals) dan tujuan (aims or objectives) dari perguruan tinggi (kolom 1 dalam Bagan 2 terlampir) untuk menghasilkan pencapaian-pencapaian tertentu (kolom 4 dalam Bagan 2 terlampir).
- Kolom 2 dalam Bagan 2 terlampir menunjukkan perencanaan dari perguruan tinggi itu untuk mencapai sasaran melalui: (a) menerjemahkan sasaran ke dalam kebijakan strategik dan didokumentasikan kebijakan-kebijakan strategik itu, (b) menetapkan struktur manajemen dan gaya manajemen dari perguruan tinggi itu, (c) mengelola sumber daya manusia berupa input dan staff untuk mencapai sasaran, dan (d) menyediakan pembiayaan atau pendanaan untuk mencapai sasaran yang diinginkan.
- Kolom 3 dalam Bagan 2 terlampir menunjukkan aktivitas utama dari perguruan tinggi itu, yang terdiri dari (1) Pendidikan (pembelajaran dan pengajaran), (2) Penelitian, dan (3) Pengabdian masyarakat (kontribusi dan dukungan dari perguruan tinggi untuk pengembangan masyarakat).
Daftar periksa (Checklist) untuk AUN – QA Model pada tingkat institusi perguruan tinggi ditunjukkan dalam Bagan 8a dan 8b (2 slides).
Semua pengukuran dalam daftar periksa AUN – QA Model menggunakan skala Likert (1 – 7), lihat Bagan 7 terlampir, di mana target untuk mencapai universitas kelas dunia apabila semua kriteria dalam daftar periksa telah bernilai 7. Universitas-universitas di Indonesia dapat menggunakan daftar periksa dari AUN – QA Model untuk menentukan posisi mereka berada pada skala berapa, dari 1 – 7 itu?
Sebagai pembanding, rata-rata universitas di Malaysia dan Thailand telah berada pada skala sekitar 5, sedangkan universitas-universitas di Singapura telah berada pada skala rata-rata sekitar 6 atau lebih. Contoh pengukuran menggunakan AUN – QA Model ditunjukkan dalam Bagan 6 terlampir.
Jika pengelola universitas memiliki KOMITMEN yang kuat, maka untuk membangun AUN – QA Model dapat menggunakan pendekatan PDCA (Plan-Do-Check-Act) yang membutuhkan waktu sekitar 12 bulan seperti ditunjukkan dalam Bagan 5 terlampir.
2. AUN – QA Model pada Level Sistemik (Jaminan Kualitas pada Tingkat Sistemik)
AUN – QA Model pada Level Sistemik (lihat Bagan 3 terlampir) mencakup hal-hal berikut:
- Kerangka kerja jaminan kualitas internal;
- Instrumen pengukuran;
- Instrumen evaluasi;
- Proses-proses jaminan kualitas spesifik untuk menjamin aktivitas-aktivitas khusus;
- Instrumen jaminan kualitas spesifik;
- Aktivitas-aktivitas tindak lanjut untuk peningkatan atau perbaikan sistem jaminan kualitas internal di perguruan tinggi.
Daftar Periksa (Checklist) dari Sistem Jaminan Kualitas pada Level Sistemik (AUN – IQA) ditunjukkan dalam Bagan 9a dan 9b (2 slides).
3. AUN – QA Model pada Level Tactical (Jaminan Kualitas pada Tingkat Program Studi di Perguruan Tinggi)
Model AUN – QA untuk program studi di perguruan tinggi (lihat Bagan 4 terlampir) berfokus pada kualitas dari aktivitas pembelajaran dan pengajaran (dharma pertama dari perguruan tinggi, yaitu: Pendidikan) yang mengacu pada tiga dimensi dari sistem pendidikan, yaitu: Kualitas Input, Kualitas Proses, dan Kualitas Output.
AUN – QA Model untuk Program Studi di Perguruan Tinggi terdiri dari 11 Kriteria berikut:
- Outcome pembelajaran yang diharapkan;
- Spesifikasi program;
- Struktur dan isi program;
- Pendekatan pembelajaran dan pengajaran;
- Penilaian mahasiswa;
- Kualitas staff akademik;
- Kualitas staff pendukung;
- Kualitas mahasiswa dan pendukung;
- Fasilitas dan infrastruktur;
- Peningkatan kualitas;
- Output.
Daftar periksa (checklist) dari AUN – QA pada Level Program Studi di perguruan tinggi dapat dilihat dalam Bagan 10a, 10b, dan 10c (3 slides).
Benchmark pada EdPEX (Education Criteria for Performance Excellence)
Jika universitas telah mencapai skor tinggi (rata-rata 6 atau 7) pada AUN – QA Model, maka pengelola universitas dapat melakukan Benchmarking menggunakan EdPEX (Education Criteria for Performance Excellence) untuk mencapai standar universitas kelas dunia dengan skor sekitar 876 – 1,000 (maksimum).
Kriteria EdPEX yang berlaku di USA sebagai standar kelas dunia untuk universitas-universitas di USA, ditetapkan atas kerja sama NIST dan ASQ (American Society for Quality) ini dibangun berdasarkan landasan dari 11 nilai inti dan konsep berikut:
- Kepemimpinan visioner (visionary leadership)
- Keunggulan yang dikendalikan pelanggan (customer-driven excellence)
- Pembelajaran organisasi dan pribadi (organizational and personal learning)
- Menghargai karyawan dan mitra kerja (valuing employees and partners)
- Ketangkasan (agility)
- Berfokus masa depan (focus on the future)
- Mengelola untuk inovasi (managing for innovation)
- Manajemen berdasarkan fakta (management by fact)
- Tanggung jawab sosial (social responsibility)
- Berfokus pada hasil-hasil dan penciptaan nilai (focus on results and creating value)
- Perspektif sistem (systems perspective)
Vincent Gaspersz telah meringkas dan menyesuaikan EdPEX ini agar mudah diterapkan seperti ditunjukkan dalam Bagan 11, 12, dan 13 (3 slides).
Salam SUCCESS.
Quality Assurance System for Word Class International Higher Education
By: Vincent Gaspersz, Lean Six Sigma Master Black Belt & Registered Quality Management System Lead Specialist and Auditor
- American Production and Inventory Control Society (www.apics.org) Certified in Production and Inventory Management (CPIM), Certified Fellow in Production and Inventory Management (CFPIM) and Certified Supply Chain Professional (CSCP);
- American Society for Quality (www.asq.org) Certified Manager of Quality/Organizational Excellence (CMQ/OE), Certified Quality Engineer (CQE), Certified Quality Auditor (CQA), Certified Quality Improvement Associate (CQIA), and Certified Six Sigma Black Belt;
- International Quality Federation (www.iqf.org) Certified Six Sigma Master Black Belt (CSSMBB);
- Registration Accreditation Board (www.exemplarglobal.org) Certified Management System Auditor (CMSA), Certified Management System Practitioneer (CMSP), Certified Management System Specialist (CMSS), and Certified Management System Lead Specialist (CMSLS).
“Knowledge without follow-through is worse than no knowledge“
Henry Charles Bukowski
Introduction
Data from the Ministry of Research & Technology and the Ministry of Higher Education (Kemenristek and Dikti) show that from 4,472 universities in Indonesia, only 50 universities are accredited A, 345 universities are accredited B, 736 universities are accredited C, and the rest are not accredited.
Whereas there are 2,512 study programs that have A accreditation or only about 12% of A accredited study programs out of the total of 20,254 accredited study program (A, B, and C)
(Source: Indriyani Astuti, Mutu PT di Indonesia Belum Merata, Media Indonesia, May 29 2017, page 23).
Furthermore, based on the result of 2017 ranking of 300 universities in Asia (the Times Higher Education, 2017), ONLY two universities from Indonesia, that have A accreditation, enter the TOP 300 Asian ranking and they too are ranked above 200s, namely: Bandung Institute of Technology (201-250 from TOP 300 Asian and >800 from TOP 1000 Worldwide, 2017) and University of Indonesia, which is ranked above 251 (251+ from TOP 300 Asian and >800 from TOP 1000 Worldwide, 2017).
Singapore puts two of their famous universities, namely: National University of Singapore which is ranked 1st in TOP Asian (Ranked 24th TOP Worldwide based on 2017 ranking) and Nanyang Technological University which is ranked 4th in Top Asian (Ranked 54th TOP Worldwide, 2017). Thailand puts Mahidol University in the 97th place of TOP Asian (ranked 501-600 from TOP 1000 universities Worldwide, 2017) and Chulalongkorn University is in the order of 151-160 TOP Asian (601-800 TOP Worldwide, 2017).
What’s interesting to review is that Malaysia puts nine of their well-known universities in the Top 300 Asian Universities ranking: the University of Malaya (59th), University of Tunku Abdul Rahman/UTAR (111-120), University of Putra Malaysia (121-130), University of Technology Malaysia (121-130), University of Technology Petronas (141-150), University of Science Malaysia (151-160), National University of Malaysia (161-170), University of Technology Mara (251+), and Northern University of Malaysia (251+).
From the result of TOP 300 ASIAN universities ranking and from observing that there are 50 universities in Indonesia that have A accreditation(Excellent) and ONLY two Indonesian universities are in the ranking, namely Bandung Institute of Technology (201-250) and University of Indonesia (251+), it can be concluded that the majority of universities in Indonesia are only “jago kandang” // “champion at home” and UNABLE to compete in the ASIAN level, let alone in the world level. This higher education position map in ASIA should be a REFLECTION, what SHOULD be done to improve the higher education competitiveness in the ASIAN and World levels?
The low quality of higher education in a country is NOT only harmful to those universities, BUT it is also harmful to the people of that country, because the role of those universities’ principles are not working as expected.
Having knowledge BUT only on theory alone WITHOUT having COMPETENCE to be implemented in society is a waste in accordance with the above quote that “Knowledge WITHOUT follow-through is worse than no knowledge” (Henry Charles Bukowski). Furthermore, Deming (an Expert of Statistics and Total Quality Management) states that 85% of the problems are always within a bad SYSTEM and ONLY 15% are within humans, and that too lies in humans who DO NOT have complete knowledge of the process of that SYSTEM.
Design and Implementation of ASEAN University Network Quality Assurance (AUN-QA) System
If we have not been able to compete in the ASIAN level, then there should be a minimum TARGET that we MUST be able to compete in the ASEAN level, because when facing the era of free competition in ASEAN market (ASEAN Economic Community), if the universities in Indonesia are NOT COMPETITIVE, then the best university graduates in ASEAN will enter the ASEAN labor market including Indonesia.
The interesting thing is that those universities in Singapore, Malaysia, and Thailand that are COMPETITIVE in the ASIAN level have long been CONSISTENTLY applying ASEAN University Network Quality Assurance System(AUN-QA). What is AUN-QA Model? It will be discussed below.
AUN-QA Model is a quality assurance model in the ASEAN level, consisting of three main parts (see Chart 1 attached above), namely:
- Strategic Level (Quality Assurance at Institutional Level of Higher Education)
- Systemic Level (Internal Quality Assurance System)
- Tactical Level (Quality Assurance at Programme Level of Higher Education)
1. AUN-QA at Institutional Level of Higher Education (Strategic Level)
AUN-QA Model at the Higher Education Institution Level includes the following (see Chart 2 below)
- Strategic quality assurance at the institutional level of higher education begins from stakeholders’ needs that are translated into vision, mission, goals and aims or objectives of the university (column 1 in the attached Chart 2) to produce certain achievements (column 4 in the attached chart 2).
- Column 2 of the attached chart 2 shows the planning of that university to achieve the objectives through: (a) translating the objectives into strategic policies and documenting those strategic policies; (b) establishing the management structure and management style of that university; c) managing human resources in the forms of inputs and staff to achieve the objectives, and (d) providing financing or funding to achieve the desired objectives.
- Column 3 of the attached chart 2 shows the main activities of that university, which consists of (1) Educational activities (learning and teaching), (2) Research, and (3) Community service (contribution and support from the university for community development).
Checklists for AUN-QA Model at the higher education institutional level are shown in Chart 8a and 8b (2 slides).
All measurements in the AUN-QA model checklist use the Likert scale (1-7), see Chart 7 attached below, where the target to reach a world-class university is if every criterion in the checklist has reached the value of 7. Universities in Indonesia can use the checklist of AUN-QA model to determine their positions on which scale of that 1-7?
For comparison, the average universities in Malaysia and Thailand have been on the scale of about 5, while the universities in Singapore have been on the average scale of about 6 or more. An example of measurement using AUN-QA Model is shown in Chart 6 below.
If the university management have strong COMMITMENT, then in order to build AUN-QA model, they can use PDCA (Plan-Do-Check-Act) approach, which takes about 12 months as shown in Chart 5 attached below.
2. AUN-QA Model at Systemic Level (Quality Assurance at Systemic Level)
AUN-QA Model at Systemic Level (see Chart 3 attached below) includes the following:
- Internal quality assurance framework;
- Monitoring instruments;
- Evaluation instrumens;
- Special quality assurance processes to ensure specific activities;
- Specific quality assurance instruments;
- Follow-up activities for increasing or improving internal quality assurance system in higher education.
Checklists of Quality Assurance System at Systemic Level (AUN-IQA) are shown in Exhibit 9a and 9b below (2 slides).
3. AUN-QA Model at Tactical Level (Quality Assurance at Programme Level in Higher Education)
The AUN-QA model for study program in university (see Chart 4 attached below) focuses on the quality of teaching and learning activities (the first principle of higher education, ie: Education) which refers to the three dimensions of the education system: Input Quality, Quality Process, and Output Quality.
AUN-QA Model for Study Program at Higher Education consists of the following 11 Criteria:
- Expected learning outcomes;
- Programme specification;
- Programme structure and content;
- Teaching and learning strategy;
- Student assessment;
- Academic staff quality;
- Support staff quality;
- Student quality and support;
- Facilities and infrastructure;
- Quality improvement;
- Output.
Checklist of AUN-QA at Programme Level in higher education can be seen in Charts 10a, 10b, and 10c below (3 slides).
Benchmark on EdPEX (Education Criteria for Performance Excellence)
If an university has achieved high score (on average of 6 or 7) in the AUN-QA model, then the university management can perform benchmarking using EdPEX (Education Criteria for Performance Excellence) to achieve world-class university standards with the score of about 876-1,000 (maximum).
This applicable EdPEX criteria in USA as the world-class standard for universities in the USA, set by the cooperation of NIST and ASQ (American Society for Quality), are built on the foundation of the following 11 core values and concepts:
- Visionary leadership
- Customer-driven excellence
- Organizational and personal learning
- Valuing employees and partners
- Agility
- Focus on the future
- Managing for innovation
- Management by fact
- Social responsibility
- Focus on results and creating value
- Systems perspective
Vincent Gaspersz has summarized and customized this EdPEX for easy application as shown in Charts 11, 12 and 13 below (3 slides).
Best Regards for SUCCESS.